[The long 1992 year in medicinal (non-)security of Russia. Report I. Market trial].

The year 1992 is an important landmark in the history of Russian pharmaceutical market. It began not in January, but in December 1991, when orders of the President and the Government to open free market of medications were promulgated. The Yeltsin advisers conceived that market economy was infallible means to combat medication shortages, corruption and bureaucratic monopoly. However, panacea did not work. Moreover, it gave rise to completely new problems. The human and state security implies protection from threats of dependence. The unprepared dive into market plunged Russians and the country into deep dependence on imported medications and foreign pharmaceutical companies. The proposed study proceeds our publications in this journal and in journal "Pharmacia" in 2022. At that time, analysis of medication "famine" was implemented on basis of published sources and relied on journalistic evidences. The current study was carried out on the basis of archive documents of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and authors interviews of representatives of the regulator. The first report reveals administrative mechanism that engendered crisis of medication supply in the first post-Soviet year of our country.

[The industrial landscape of Russian pharmaceutical industry in 2010-2018].

The article presents interim results of large-scale experiment on organization of pharmaceutical clusters in Russia in the 2010s. For the pharmaceutical industry, organization of clusters marked transition from spontaneous market to development of technological production complexes with full cycle of development, testing and production of medications. For the first time such first "star clusters" as the Kaluga, Yaroslavl and St. Petersburg and "Northern" pharmaceutical clusters are described, including their nascence, institutional formation and encountered problems.

[The temptation of Russian Pharma. Report III: new experiences and partners].

The series of articles considers history of implementation of government program of supplementary medications supply from point of view of conditions of development of pharmaceutical market conditions in Russia. The study was implemented on basis of interviews of pharmaceutical market participants and government administrators in 2020-2022 and specialized publications. The first experience of right interaction between pharmaceutical business and government in the implementation of social policy is analyzed. The report III is devoted to analysis of experiences acquired by pharma from participation in political agenda and interaction with government on state sector of economics.

[Government modernisation of the 'old' pharmaceutical business (2008-2011). Report 1. Threats and security].

This series of articles analyses the drug safety policy of the Russian Federation. The first report reveals the reasons behind the government's dramatic turnaround in the pharmaceutical market and pharmaceutical industry, which emerged in 2007-2008. Based on publications, author interviews and unique protocol documents from the government archive, the logic and sequence of a new regulatory agreement between the pharmaceutical business and the Russian state are revealed.

[Government modernisation of the 'old' pharmaceutical business (2008-2011). Report 2. Pharmaceutical future and biosafety].

This series of articles is devoted to an analysis of the drug safety policy of the Russian Federation. The second communication focuses on the history of strategy development and choice of tactics for pharmaceutical industry modernisation, the spectrum of interests of the concept-makers and the contradictions between the approaches. Based on journal publications and oral interviews, the authors traced the process of creating a regulatory agreement between political authorities and professional groups on power sharing and management delegation after the recognition of the pharmaceutical market as an object of state security.

[The temptation of Russian Pharma. Report II: The implementation of the program of additional medicinal support].

The second article in series of publications considering history of implementation of the government program of additional medication support from point of view of conditions of development of pharmaceutical market in Russia. The study is carried out on the basis both of interviews of participants of pharmaceutical market and state administrators and publications in specialized editions in 2020-2022. The first experience of close interaction of pharmaceutical business with government in implementation of social policy is analyzed. The focus is made on failures in practical implementation of the program of additional medication support, in which course alliance of government and pharmaceutical business cracked.

[The temptation of Russian Pharma. Report I: The design of program of additional medicinal support of particular categories of citizen].

The series of articles is devoted to examination of history of implementing the Government program of supplementary medicinal support from the point of view of conditions of development of pharmaceutical market in Russia. The research is based both on the interviews with pharmaceutical market participants and government administrators organized in 2020-2022, and research publications in specialized editions. The first experience of close interaction between the pharmaceutical business and the Government in implementing social policy is analyzed. The first report reveals concept of developing given program, demonstrates its commercial and social attractiveness.

[The Renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market (2000-2004). Report III. The interests of consumers].

The article (the third one in author's series of historical studies of drug supply and pharmaceutical business) examines the period of economic renaissance of the Russian pharmaceutical market in the first years of the third millennium. The analysis of state of the market based on data from Russian analytical agencies, medical periodicals and recollections of participants is presented. The article consists of three reports. The first one considered "field players" of the pharmaceutical market (owners of different types of pharmaceutical business). The second one dealt with all the personnel serving the market game (Russian employees of pharmaceutical companies) and their reflection of the new, post-Soviet experience of living in private business. The third report covers issue of "spectators and judges" i.e. consumers in broad sense of word: from state to buyers of pharmacy medications. The conflicting interests of state structures and officials who played double role (bulk buyers and regulators) as well as needs and problems of retail consumers of pharmaceutical production are demonstrated.

[The Renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market (2000-2004). Report II. The Pharma servants of Russia].

The article (the third one of authors cycle of historical studies of medication supply and pharmaceutical business) examines period of economic renaissance of the Russian pharmaceutical market in the first years of third millennium. The state of market according data of Russian analytical agencies, medical periodicals and recollections of participants is considered. The article consists of three reports. In the first report the issue was the "field players" of pharmaceutical market, and in the second one - all the personnel serving market game, making it possible, their reflections on their new, post-Soviet experience of life in private business.

[The Renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market (2000-2004). Report I. The field players].

The article (third one out of author's cycle of historical studies of medicinal provision and pharmaceutical business) considers period of economic renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market during the first five years of Third Millennium. The market conditions are analyzed according data of Russian analytical agencies, materials of medical periodicals and memories of participants. The article is composed of three reports. The first report demonstrates changes in composition of essential players on market field that occurred after 1998 default.

[The 1998 default and the pharmaceutical market. Report 2: Predictions and Estimates].

In a series of articles, researchers analyze the significance of the 1998 default for the development of the pharmaceutical industry and for the fates of pharmaceutical market participants. The second communication presents the results of an analysis of predictive statements and the collective memory of representatives of the pharmaceutical community. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the interviews published in pharmaceutical publications and taken by the authors of the article during 2019-2021. A total of 43 texts were used.

The default of 1998 and pharmaceutical market. Report I. The chronicle of disaster.

The researchers, in series of articles, analyze significance of the default of 1998 for both pharmaceutical industry and participants of pharmaceutical market. The Report I presents results of investigation of corresponding economic and social aspects of issue. The article presents contradictions in tax and financial policies of then ruling authorities; regulatory drawbacks created by inefficient awareness of economic situation and social specificity of pharmaceutics; means for pharmaceutical companies to survive in these conditions.

[The Russian pharmaceutical industry in 1990s. Report III. Insider vision].

The third report, which is a continuation of article on the Russian pharmaceutical branch in the 1990s, analyses corresponding conceptions of internal observers (participators of production and distribution of medications), including their assessments of normality of emerging market. The conclusion is made that the Russian pharmaceutical market grew from chaos that resulted from wreckage of the Soviet medication supply system in 1994-1998. The general dominance of generics over patented medications, distributors over manufacturers, weak interest of state authorities to long-term cooperation with pharmaceutics for the sake of development of own national production, low legal culture were generic characteristics of its infrastructure.

[The Russian pharmaceutical branch in 1990s. Report II. The optics of external observers].

The article proceeds to explore history of the pharmaceutical branch in the 1990s. The changes in system of medicinal supply in Russia are demonstrated through infrastructural transformations and their assessment by political figures and regulators of pharmaceutical market.

[The Russian pharmaceutical branch in 1990s. Report 1. From the Soviet to the market].

The article opens series of publications devoted to the history of occurrence of pharmaceutical market in Russia. The specifics of medication supply system in the Soviet period, circumstances of its deconstruction in early 1990s and modes of overcoming medication scarcity in 1993-1994 are considered. The authors compared publicly available digital data of 1990s documenting state of pharmaceutical branch, with testimonies of pharmaceutical market participants, their speculations on its state and conceptions about its normativity. This kind of methodological approach permitted to discover latent incentives and hidden obstacles in the history of Russian Pharma and to discern asymmetries of infrastructural development.

SIMULATION OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA ON THE "SIMMAN 3G" AND ITS EFFICIENCY.

In recent years in medical educational process new innovative technologies are widely used with computer simulation, providing the reality of medical intervations and procedures. Practice-training teaching with using of simulation allows to improve the efficiency of learning material at the expense of creating imaginary professional activity and leading barring material to practical activity. The arm of the investigation is evaluation of the students training efficiency at the Medical Institute on the topic "General Anesthesia with using a modern simulation "SimMan 3 G". The material of the investigation is the results, carried out on the basis of the Centre of Practical skills and medical virtual educational technologies (Simulation Centre) at the Medical Institute of NEFU by M.K. Ammosov. The Object of the investigation was made up by 55 students of the third (3) course of the Faculty of General Medicine of the Medical Institute of NEFU. The investigation was hold during practical trainings (April-May 2014) of the General Surgery Department on the topic "General Anesthesia". A simulation practical course "General Anesthesia" consisted of 12 academic hours. Practical training was carried out using instruments, equipments and facilities to install anesthesia on the SimMan 3G with shooting the process and further discussions of the results. The methods of the investigations were the appreciation of students background knowledge before and after practical training (by 5 points scale) and the analysis of the results. The results of the investigation showed that before the practical course only 23 students (41.8%) had dot positive marks: "Good"--7 students (12.7%) and "Satisfactory"--16 (29.1%) students. The rest 22 (58.2%) students had bad results. The practical trainings using real instruments, equipments and facilities with imitation of installation of preparations for introductory anesthesia, main analgesics and muscle relaxants showed a patients reaction on the virtual trainer SimMan 3 G. Students were divided into anesthetic team, co-assisting of an anesthesiologist, an assistant and nurses anesthetist, who conducted general anesthesia (the mask anesthesia, intravenous anesthesia, endotracheal anesthesia). After finishing the practical course 16 students (29.1%) got 5 marks (Excellent), 35 students (63.6%)--4 (Good) and 4 students (7.3%)--3 mark (Satisfactory).